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This is a List of the kings of Dál Riata, a kingdom of Irish origin which was located in Scotland and Ireland. Most kings of Dál Riata, along with later rulers of Alba and of Scotland, traced their descent from Fergus Mór mac Eirc, and even in the 16th century, James VI of Scotland called himself the 'happie monarch sprung of Ferguse race'.

Background[edit]

It is not until the middle of the 6th century that Irish annals plausibly report the deaths of kings of Dál Riata, with the death of Comgall mac Domangairt, c. 538–545, and of his brother Gabrán, c. 558–560. After the disastrous Battle of Moira (Mag Rath) in 637, Irish Dál Riata lost possession of its Scottish lands.[1] It was during the 8th-century, the rival Dál nAraidi had overrun Irish Dál Riata,[2] though the area retained its name well into the 14th-century.

The last attested king of Scottish Dál Riata is Fergus mac Echdach, brother and successor to Áed Find, whose death is reported in the Annals of Ulster in 781. Dál Riata was divided into a number of kingroups or dynasties, called cenéla, of which was the Cenél nGabráin of Kintyre, who claimed descent from Gabrán mac Domangairt, and the Cenél Loairn, who claimed descent from Loarn mac Eirc. While the Irish origin of the Kings of Dal Riata is immutable, the links to the Irish nobility were likely bolstered in later centuries to claim foundership of the kingdom, adding to the dynasties legitmacy.

Kings of Dál Riata[edit]

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Kings before the Battle of Mag Rath[edit]

ReignRulerNameFamilyRemarks
UnknownLoarnLoarn mac EircSon of ErcEponymous founder of the Cenél Loairn; claimed ancestry probably spurious
498-501Fergus MórFergus Mór mac Eirc
Mac Nisse Mór
Son of ErcMac Nisse Mór is more likely the real figure who was replaced by Fergus Mor; Annals of Tigernach report his death c. 501
UnknownDomangart RétiDomangart Réti
Domangart mac Ferguso
Domangart Mac Nissi
Son of Fergus MórThe Annals of Innisfallen report the death of Domangart of Cenn Tíre c. 507; the patronymic Mac Nissi is probably a textual error
Died c. 540ComgallComgall mac DomangairtSon of DomangartSaid to have reigned 35 years; multiple obits in the Annals of Ulster; eponymous ancestor of the Cenél Comgaill
Died c. 560GabránGabrán mac DomangairtSon of DomangartHis death may be associated with Bridei son of Maelchon; duplicate obits in the Annals of Ulster; eponymous ancestor of the Cenél nGabráin
Died c. 574ConallConall mac ComgaillCenél Comgaill; son of ComgallSaid to have given Iona to Saint Columba; the first king to have an entry in the Annals of Ulster other than an obit
Died c. 606ÁedánÁedán mac GabráinCenél nGabráin; son of GabránKnown from Adomnán of Iona's Life of Saint Columba and from many entries in the Annals
Died c. 629 (after Connad Cerr)Eochaid BuideEochaid Buide
Eochaid mac Áedáin
Cenél nGabráin; son of ÁedánKnown from Adomnán of Iona's Life of Saint Columba
Died c. 629 (before Eochaid Buide)Connad CerrConnad mac ConaillCenél Comgaill; son of ConallCo-ruler with Eochaid Buide whom he predeceased; defeated and killed in battle at Fid Eóin by Congal Cáech, king of the Ulaid
Died c. 642Domnall BreccDomnall Brecc
Domnall mac Echdach
Cenél nGabráin; son of Eochaid BuideDefeated and killed in battle at Strathcarron by Eugein map Beli, king of Alt Clut
UnknownFercharFerchar mac ConnaidCenél Comgaill; son of Connad CerrHis obit in the Annals of Ulster for 694 appears misplaced; according to the Duan Albanach he was king after his father, presumably jointly with Domnall Brecc

Kings from Mag Rath to 741[edit]

ReignRulerNameFamilyRemarks
Died c. 654DúnchadDúnchad mac Conaing
Dúnchad mac Dúbain
Cenél nGabráin; probably son of Conaing son of ÁedánPresumed descendants of Dúnchad appear frequently in the Annals
Died c. 660Conall CrandomnaConall Crandomna
Conall Crannamna
Conall mac Echdach
Cenél nGabráin; son of Eochaid Buide
Died c. 660 ?DomangartDomangart mac DomnaillCenél nGabráin; son of Domnall Brecc
Died c. 689Máel DúinMáel Dúin mac ConaillCenél nGabráin; son of Conall
Died c. 696Domnall DonnDomnall Donn
Domnall mac Conaill
Cenél nGabráin; son of Conall
Died c. 697Ferchar FotaFerchar the Tall
Ferchar mac Feredaig
Cenél Loairn; a descendant in the seventh generation of LoarnChief of the Cenél Loairn and, for a short time, king of Dál Riata
UnknownEochaidEochaid mac DomangairtCenél nGabráin; son of DomangartUnattested by the Annals and omitted from later genealogies but included in the Duan Albanach
Deposed c. 698AinbcellachAinbcellach mac FerchairCenél Loairn; son of Ferchar FotaDied 718 in battle against Selbach his brother
Died 700FiannamailFiannamail ua Dúnchado
Fiannamail mac h-ua Dúnchado
Cenél nGabráin ?; perhaps a grandson or great-grandson of the earlier Dúnchad son of ConaingIt is uncertain whether Fiannamail should be counted as a king of Dál Riata, or of Dál nAraidi; his possible sons Indrechtach and Conall died in battle in 741.
Died 707BécBéc ua DúnchadoCenél nGabráin ?; probably a grandson or nephew of the earlier Dúnchad son of ConaingApparently chief of the Cenél nGabráin
Died 721DúnchadDúnchad BecCenél nGabráin; unknown but a relationship with Fiannamail, Béc and the earlier Dúnchad mac Conaing is possiblechief of Kintyre, which is to say the Cenél nGabráin, from before 719 to 721
Abdicated 723SelbachSelbach mac FerchairCenél Loairn; son of Ferchar FotaAbdicated in favour of his son Dúngal and entered religion, died 730
Deposed as king of Dál Riata 726DúngalDúngal mac SelbaigCenél Loairn; son of SelbachProbably remained chief of the Cenél Loairn until deposed in 733
726–733EochaidEochaid Angbad
Eochaid mac Echdach
Cenel nGabráin; son of EochaidA return to the Cenel nGabráin line
733–736MuiredachMuiredach mac AinbcellaigCenél Loairn; son of AinbcellachChief of the Cenél Loairn; Muiredach may have been the king of Dál Riata as well
UnknownAlpínAlpín mac EchdachUnknownAppears in the Duan Albanach; possibly a spurious intrusion
UnknownEóganEógan mac MuiredaigCenél Loairn; son of MuiredachKnown from some Scots chronicles; not named as king by the Duan Albanach; may have been chief of the Cenél Loairn
Died 741IndrechtachIndrechtach mac FiannamailCenel nGabráin ?; presumably son of the earlier FiannamailIdenfication uncertain, killed at the battle of Forboros, perhaps by the Picts of Óengus mac Fergusa; this may, however, have been a king of Dál nAraidi, but in this case his patronymic should be mac Lethlobair

Kings from the 740s onwards[edit]

ReignRulerNameFamilyRemarks
c. 736–750 or laterUnknown kingsDál Riata was under the control of the Picts from around 736 until at least 750, and perhaps later; no kings are known from this period, but it is likely that the Picts ruled Dál Riata through subject kings
Before 768–778Áed FindÁed mac EchdachCenel nGabráin; presumably a son of Eochaid son of EochaidLater genealogies make Áed Find the son of Domangart son of Domnall Brecc which is chronologically improbable, others have one Eochaid rather than the expected two
778–781FergusFergus mac EchdachCenel nGabráin; brother of Áed Find
UnknownEochaidEochaid mac Áeda FindCenel nGabráin; son of Áed FindNot included in the Duan Albanach, or in the Annals; known from later genealogies; probably an error for Eochaid mac Echdach
Died 792DonncoirceNone knownUnknownObit in the Annals of Ulster; not included in the Duan Albanach or later genealogies
UnknownCaustantínCaustantín mac FergusaNot certainly known, perhaps a descendant of the first Óengus mac FergusaKing of the Picts c. 792–820; included in the Duan Albanach but not generally supposed to have been a king in Dál Riata
c. 792–805Unknown kingsNo kings are known from this period
c. 805–807ConallConall mac TaidgUnknownDeath reported in battle in Kintyre, presumed to be the first of the Conalls included in the Duan Albanach; reign approximate
c. 807–811ConallConall mac ÁedáinUnknownKilled Conall mac Taidg, 'another Conall' reigned four years according to the Duan Albanach; reign approximate
c. 811–835DomnallDomnall mac CaustantínSon of Caustantín mac FergusaA king named Domnall reigned twenty-four years according to the Duan Albanach; reign approximate
UnknownÓengusÓengus mac FergusaBrother of CaustantínKing of the Picts c. 820–834; included in the Duan Albanach but not generally supposed to have been a king in Dál Riata
UnknownEóganánEóganán mac ÓengusaSon of ÓengusKing of the Picts c. 837–839; included in the Duan Albanach but not generally supposed to have been a king in Dál Riata
c. 835–839ÁedÁed mac BoantaNone knownKilled in battle against Vikings alongside Eóganán mac Óengusa; a king Áed is named by the Duan Albanach
UnknownAlpínAlpín mac EchdachCenel nGabráin; son of Eochaid son of Áed FindNot listed in the Duan Albanach or the Annals; known from later genealogies; no evidence that he was a king in Dál Riata and he is fathered on the spurious Eochaid mac Áeda Find
UnknownCináedCináed mac AilpínCenel nGabráin; son of AlpínKing of the Picts c. 843–858; not generally supposed that he was a king in Dál Riata
c. 914DiarmaidDiarmaid mac SealbhaighNone knownKing of the Dalriada; generally supposed that he was a king of Irish Dal Riada

Sources[edit]

The main sources for the kings of Dál Riata include:

  • The Annals of Ulster
  • The Annals of Tigernach
  • The Senchus Fer n-Alban
  • The Synchronisms of Flann Mainistrech of Monasterboice
  • The Duan Albanach
  • Adomnán of Iona's Life of Saint Columba
  • A variety of genealogies for later kings of Alba

Less reliable sources may include:

  • The Annals of Innisfallen
  • The Chronicon Scotorum
  • The Annals of the Four Masters
  • The Annals of Clonmacnoise

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Interpretation of these sources remains problematic. Many entries which appear to refer to Dál Riata lack context, many persons named lack patronyms or other identifying bynames. There are many disagreements among sources. Some entries have been amended and expanded at a later time.

References[edit]

Kings

For primary sources, see also the articles mentioned above andExternal linksbelow

  1. ^Bardon, Jonathan (2005). A History of Ulster. The Black Staff Press. pp. 20-1. ISBN0-85640-764-X.
  2. ^Cosgrove, Art, ed. (2008). A New History of Ireland, II Medieval Ireland 1169-1534. Oxford University Press. p. 17. ISBN978-019-953970-3.
  • Bardon, Jonathan (2005). A History of Ulster. The Black Staff Press. ISBN0-85640-764-X.
  • Adomnán, Life of St Columba, tr. & ed. Richard Sharpe. Penguin, London, 1995. ISBN0-14-044462-9
  • Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN1-871615-03-8
  • Bannerman, John, Studies in the History of Dalriada. Scottish Academic Press, Edinburgh, 1974. ISBN0-7011-2040-1
  • Bannerman, John, 'The Scottish Takeover of Pictland' in Dauvit Broun & Thomas Owen Clancy (eds.) Spes Scotorum: Hope of Scots. Saint Columba, Iona and Scotland. T & T Clark, Edinburgh, 1999. ISBN0-567-08682-8
  • Broun, Dauvit, The Irish Identity of the Kingdom of the Scots in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries. Boydell, Woodbridge, 1999. ISBN0-85115-375-5
  • Broun, Dauvit, 'Pictish Kings 761–839: Integration with Dál Riata or Separate Development' in Sally M. Foster (ed.), The St Andrews Sarcophagus: A Pictish masterpiece and its international connections. Four Courts, Dublin, 1998. ISBN1-85182-414-6
  • Sharpe, Richard, 'The thriving of Dalriada' in Simon Taylor (ed.), Kings, clerics and chronicles in Scotland 500–1297. Four Courts, Dublin, 2000. ISBN1-85182-516-9

External links[edit]

  • CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork
    • The Corpus of Electronic Texts includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress
  • Annals of Clonmacnoise at Cornell

See also[edit]

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